During femtosecond laser fabrication, photons are mainly absorbed by electrons, and the subsequent energy transfer from electrons to ions is of picosecond order. Hence, lattice motion is negligible ...

When the first laser and inkjet printers for PCs arrived in the mid-1980s, they could only print in monochrome, and their respective advantages were obvious. Today, the differences between laser and ...

Laser-produced plasmas are plasmas produced by firing high-intensity beams of light. Laser-produced plasmas have been used to create short bursts of x-rays and to accelerate particles — so-called ...

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Abstract: Gap width control is an important task for friction stir welding (FSW) since assembling gap width greatly influences the welding quality. A new efficient method with on-machine measurement ...