When Motorola introduced its first mobile phone in 1984, the company hoped for a buying frenzy. But even the best marketers couldn’t have predicted the success of mobile phones. Today, mobile phones ...

Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...

An organisational structure is how a business organises its staff to represent the different layers of management. This information can be displayed in the form of a chart. There are two main types of ...

Molecular dynamics is a method that uses Newton’s equations of motion to computationally simulate the time evolution of a set of interacting atoms. Such techniques are dependent on a description of ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Gordon Scott has been an active investor and ...