The goal of this three-part series of articles is to provide readers with an in-depth under- standing of gain accuracy in closed-loop circuits with the most typical operational amplifier (op amp) ...

As the name implies, if we finally put together all the elementary blocks above (transistors, current mirrors, current sources, differential stages and buffers) we finally come to something usable, ...

In the last Circuit VR we looked at some basic op amp circuits in a simulator, including the non-inverting amplifier. Sometimes you want an amplifier that inverts the signal. That is a 5V input ...

Op amps excel at providing many useful and clever solutions to routine or complicated circuit functions. A summing circuit is a perfect example. A summing circuit is typically used in applications ...

The term instrumentation amplifier (INA) often is misused, referring to the application rather than the architecture of the device. Historically, any amplifier that was considered precision (i.e., ...